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Geneotype: genetic makeup containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics Phenotype: observable characteristics Mutations: permanent alteration in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics (at least 1.6 harmful mutation per person in each generation) Many defects are hereditary and people pass them on  Mutation leads to abnormalities in genes/chromosomes (can occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental hazards like radiation) Many disorders are a result of inherited disposition and environmental factors before and/or after birth - Ex: ADHD is a behavioral disorder transmitted multifactorially -> combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits Not all abnormalities are visible at birth: Sachs - not visible until 6 months Sickle cell anaemia -"- Cystic fibrosis - not seen until age 4 Glaucoma - not seen until middle age Huntington's disease -"- 1 in every 156 children in Western co...

learning is  long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to environment BEHAVIORISM: mechanistic theory behaviorists look for events that determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated focus on associative learning through operant and classical conditioning classical conditioning is a natural form of learning that occurs even without intervention. by learning what events go together, children can anticipate what is going to happen and this makes their world a more orderly, predictable place John Watson's classical conditioning on Little Albert, an 11month baby - taught him to fear furry white objects operant conditioning -  individual learns from consequences of operating on the environment;  involves voluntary behavior -  an organism will repeat a response that has been reinforced and suppress a response that has been punished reinforcement increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated  (positive re...

Emphasis on mental processes Clinical method - combined observation with flexible questioning Comprehensive theory of cognitive development Organization - tendency to create increasingly complex cognitive structures or schemes (Systems of knowledge or ways of thinking that incorporate more and more accurate images of reality) Adaptation - how children handle new information in light of what they already know; involving assimilation (taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures) and accommodation (changing one's cognitive structures to include the new information);  the shift from one to the other is dictated by equilibriation (constant striving for for a stable balance or equilibrium)

Contextual/Sociocultural Central focus is social, cultural and historical complex Stresses on child's active engagement with environment, like Piaget Cognitive growth is a collaborative process Child acquires cognitive skills through social interaction Shared activities enable kids to internalize society's ways of thinking and behaving Adults must help direct and organize child's behavior Effective for helping child cross the zdp (Zone of Proximal Distance) that is the difference between what a child can do alone and what he can do with help In the course of collaboration, responsibility for directing and monitoring learning gradually shifts to child Ex: learning how to float in water Scaffolding - temporary support that parents, teachers or others give a child to master a task until the child can do it alone implications for education and cognitive testing - focus on a child's potential as opposed to what he has already learned

1) SIGMUND FREUD - Psychosexual Development people are born with biological drives that must be redirected so as to live in society personality is formed in childhood, as children deal with unconscious conflicts between these inborn urges and the requirements of civil life 5 stages, based on maturation: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital most susceptible to fixation during oral, anal and phallic stage 3 hypothetical parts of personality: id, ego and superego id functions on pleasure principle; ego - reality principle *clientele of upper-middle-class adults, mostly female does not take into account other and later influences on personality 2) ERIK ERIKSON - Psychosocial Development "crisis" between one positive and negative tendency  until 12-18 months of age - basic trust  vs mistrust  - value learned: hope whether the world is safe or not 12-18 months to 3 years - autonomy vs  shame or doubt  - will balance between independence...

The speaker recalls with adoration <adulation?> the lovely things she has watched that have unwittingly seeped  her soul in color with every passing day. Stanza 2: saffron sunset clouds larkspur ( meaning ) mountains* fenceless miles of plain* (fields, prairies) golden-green hillsides*, shining unearthly after rain Stanza 3: nights of blue and pearl simile - long smooth beaches yellow as sunburnt wheat others - line of foam that creams and hisses, enticing weary feet  (transferred epithet) Stanza 4: emeralds sunset-hearted opals Asian marble veined with scarlet flame cool green jade misty and azure-stained moonstones Stanza 5: almond trees in bloom oleanders* wide purple sea of plain-land (meaning field) gorgeous with a lovely poison - the evil Darling pea* She calls on these images to help her dream when she is tired, like how in stanza 6, lemon, pink, or faintest, coolest lilac dawn-lit skies float on her soothed eyes. No n...

My trouble is I always try to save ("save" is usually used in the context of preservation for future use) everything old clocks and calendars ("calendars" - serve no purpose except as souvenirs) expired words buried in open graves (like how conversations are recollected and analyzed in the night; gade murde ukhadna ) But hoarded grains of sand (juxtaposition - hoarding something transient) keep shifting as rivers redefine boundaries and seasons (how memories change with time; you tweak them and make them more sparkly, more magical or more rotten; timelines also morph in the land of memories) Lengths of old string (string a metaphor for stories, tales woven, the tapestry of life) rolled into neat balls neither measure nor bind (do not serve their original purpose (the object not the metaphor) but only serve as remnants of past times) nor do shelves laden with rancid sweets preserve (description of setting - shelves laden with boxes of spoil...

Uncertain Objects of Desire What are the general trends observed + what has changed Why did matrimonial ads seek green card or HI Visa holders? What are the changes in the attitude toward the Indian diaspora? "Stories of entire lives" - how do matrimonial ads reflect this? How has the idea of an ideal wife changed <or not> with time?

This is an amazing essay on teaching The Boarded Window and how it is an example of a text that must be analyzed through close reading blood from throat wound not coagulated, also wound itself lacerated - hence alive when attacked by the animal supernatural or not - supposedly haunted but could also be ironic, hinting at stupidity of "well-informed boy" wife's death and possible resurrection:  “at the end of the third day she fell into unconsciousness and so passed away, apparently, with never a gleam of returning reason.” apparently but also incorrect preparations for the grave and some rites being done repeatedly - perhaps occult practices "he should have her again as before" - trying to reanimate her body? - or necrophilia? o.O hints at but does not involve the supernatural narrator remarkably unreliable - apparently seventy, about fifty, i suppose it was agreed, so I should remember etc - not 3rd person but actually unnamed 1st person narra...

the story Brief overview Read the conclusion Cactus a metaphor of parents' undying love for their children, even when burdensome and outgrown Reading between the lines, we see how the younger couple is always on the same page - thinking the same thoughts or at least guessing the other's, arriving at the same judgments, both observing the same things, chattering among themselves and communicating through eye gestures - they are very in sync with the other, like a team. However with the older couple, the husband is upstairs if the old lady is on the ground floor and vice versa. They are either more comfortable with this distance and with the dignity and reservedness of people of olden times, are accustomed to such interaction, or are trying to fill the space in their empty home. Although the house is supposedly on sale, the old couple show no inclination of wanting to vacate - they tend to the house with love and care, maintain their children's and grandchildren'...

THANK YOU AKSHIKA!!!!! Psychology Syllabus for mid semesters This is complicated and will require you to sit with your book and mark the portions. I’ve tried to put it as simply as possible so try to figure it out by yourself. If you all still have problems, you can ask me. Nothing other than these portions will come. Page numbers                                                   Description 7-22            All of Chapter 1 29- 37         Theoretical perspectives – Erickson, Piaget 42-43         Vygotsky’s theory 63-67         Fertilization 69- 74         Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities till th...

Like an urban legend forest a metaphor Questions to ask yourself: 1) Whose narrative is it? 2) If Murlock exists, what is the sequence of action of his wife's death and the panther incident - was it a dream? Why? Why not? 3) Why a panther? 4) How does magic realism apply esp. w.r.t. the boarded window? Notes from class discussion: like an urban legend forest metaphor for Murlock - difficult to understand, dark, mysterious Vivid description, but narrator has never seen him: says true story but no premise rumors - that the cabin is haunted story heard by grandfather in his childhood keeps saying "should have been told," as I "should remember" no known records of wife but "willing, worthy of love" etc. - how do we know? word play; we imagine details, but could be Murlock's imagination

SHREWD colonizer, presented colonizing such that Native Americans would take it well colonizer with a difference explorer who managed to colonize excellent rapport with natives - to understand their practices, culture, mold self accordingly NEW LAND a myth - but idea of new world, new Church Virginia Native Americans knew their land, knew how to work it come here and get rich easily - rich enough to sustain 3 generations sarcastic attack on how Englishmen fail to make most of resources - only plunder 1607 - Jamestown 1620 - John Smith arrives with pilgrims METAPHORS of fishing and fowling (juxtaposed merits and demerits) *Pocahontas w.r.t. John Smith Textbook notes: Colonizers held the notion that the natives lacked skills, industry, religion etc. Smith says they have all that and fun, and if any colonizer came there, he must know this. Fishing, retreats into the mountains is holiday for Englishmen but daily life for Natives Englishmen pull money out of their pocket...

1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - scientific study of change and stability throughout human lifespan * Darwin's baby biographies (1877) - developmental nature of Doddy's sensory, cognitive and emotional behavior * Nature vs Nurture; also, emphasis on meeting children's developmental needs * Adolescence and aging - new fields of study added 2. LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT - concept of development as a lifelong process which can be studied scientifically * grew out of research designed to follow children through adulthood * Stanford Studies of Gifted Children * study of lifespan development is interdisciplinary - psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, biology, genetics, family science, education, history, philosophy, medicine 3. GOALS of studying human development - describe, explain, predict, modify behavior 4. QUANTITATIVE change - height, weight, size of vocabulary 5. QUALITATIVE change - nonverbal to verbal communication 6. STABILITY - constancy, usually in consci...

Fluttering ribbons - Sensual, flirtatious, Natural, Human, Earthly, material. Dream, Sleep - important in American literature, because America did not have the cultural history of other nations. In sleep, you can talk walk, kill -  dreams and sleep explain all, like the concept of God explains. Why live a life without sin, for a 100 yrs, if there is no pleasure in it? Go out and experience, learn Dark Romanticism - joys of sin. Biblical, moral in tone and grandeur of language. May pray without ever doing good May also do good without praying Stock characters - those who portray only one side of the argument - timesaving device. Anointing is an act of consecration. Personification used to achieve a sense of allegory. Allegory - when the unsaid must be said, without  too much consequence. (siezed agency)  nuomena &pheomena Perspective, context, lack of bias, unfair to judge. I understand that it makes us unable to judge ...

In vain upon that hand reclined, (trusted you in vain)  I call each plighted worth my own, (plighted worth - oxymoron; must face consequences alone) Or rising to thy sovereign mind (rising to YOUR expectations, but I cannot have any because women do not have a sovereign mind) Say that it reigns for me alone. (her fault she trusted him, his mind supposedly reigns over her alone) Since, subject to its ardent sway, (ardent sway - oxymoron since devoutly passionate but unfaithful, unstable) How many hearts were left to weep, (how many wives and lovers have been left at home, weak and alone, so you may go love another; speaking of cheating husbands in general) To find the granted wish decay, (granted wish - wedding vow) And the triumphant passion sleep! (momentary beauty, affection, devotion, excitement - "love") Such were of love the transient flame, Which by the kindling senses led, (if any sensual pleasures kindle this "love") To every new attrac...

Atlantic slave trade Negro- factual Nigger - derogatory 14th Amendment - African American; not native  Americans - N. A. only got citizenship in the 60s sharecropping a form of slavery -  indentured servitude -  must return to it for survival debt -> crop failure -> credit + INTEREST -> pestilence Free men's bureau, Affirmative action -> just a leg up Rich do not want to give to the poor meaningfully you can never advance Jim Crow - N.A. Latino, Black cannot walk on the same sidewalk 13th Amendment - Black man gets right to vote BUT Poll tax Literacy test this is known as micro aggression or death from a million paper cuts Frugality, thrift John Crow -> System of laws 1940 -> Segregation, Great depression

EMILY DICKINSON http://www.proseandhistory.com/i-years-had-been-from-home/ http://www.poetrysoup.com/famous/poem/1646/I_Years_had_been_from_Home http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/155 http://www.biography.com/people/emily-dickinson-9274190 Experience of death - wow I want to jump into the ocean Introspection No title - open to interpretation, audience left looking for themes Obscure entries or exits, readers intrigued <TRUTH IS BEAUTY IS TRUTH > like Keats <TIME - could not stop for death> <SELECT AND CHOOSE> writing back = working with an established center that we are bound to appropriation = when you analyze how another culture's artifacts work for them and see if they'll work for you                     = artistic survival strategies preservation vs conservation                       ^like a particular genre of music - look fo...

Implications of Title - going to challenge notions, ideas national self and individual self This seemingly "History of America" text fits into a Literature course because of how author approaches the subject presentation not necessarily manipulation power and obfuscation a celebration - the ability to say something in a nebulous manner - to break it up into many parts Franklin experimenting with the norm - breaking it down, playing with contradiction I will not build your empire for you - I will instead show you how to bring it down charter format carpet baggers (later becomes the basis of capitalism) - rejects - reckless, nothing to lose - recycled ministers, officials humor: - can be liberating, so usually kept out of administration ( imitation, Aristotle's theory but also parody, can't overdo it either) -  it is in this moment, then it is over - there is the choice of not taking it seriously- this is a literary piece not meant to mock charters bu...

1. Look at how slavery is portrayed 2. Analyze the characters' reactions - personal emotions vs social reactions (wrt racial discrimination) 3. Observe gender roles Reflect on how author had to write a work of fiction for her voice to be heard Mr Shelby does not consult his wife before he sold off Uncle Tom and Henry Bloodhound Law, Fugitive Slavery Acy 1850 (became legal to hunt for escaped slaves and bring them back) 1850 - before Civil War Uncle Tom's Cabin a major contributor The man that was a thing- objectified, treated and considered as property and sold and bought Written with the perspective that slavery is sin with a projection as a command from God, as a moral duty to address this Kentucky between North and South(not fully industrialised) You are kind to them but have not stopped enslaving them Uncle Tom: Dignified, Pious, tamed, Christian Ideas, mental condition, seperation anxiety about slavery George Harris- devices a machine and plans Languag...

Glorifying Abraham Lincoln <nationalism- eliminated slavery, ended racism in his day, Ghettysburg address- of the people, for the people, by the people> Transcendentalist with twist- different categories for soul and self and all things (gender, sexuality irrelevant to him) You are not a speck in this universe, you are the cosmos - you are the universe in ecstatic motion Once you identify with the universe this way, everything else becomes menial Whitman speaks of spiders, snakes, lizards etc- things of nature not considered beautiful were his topics Leaves of grass- they appear uniform but each blade if measured will vary; metaphor for humanity, the singular race we belong to Universal self---individual self Colors (not racist) embody the multiplicity of mankind Songs of myself- American self God not with respect to religion but as a presence Nothing is useless, mean, stupid, petty- everything has a role and is significant WHITMAN stanza 1 about spider...

American self- people form an identity for themselves. Race of all races- melting pot- Whitman Transcendentalism – self reliance; individualism (content and accountable to self) Ideas of Romanticism blended with N.A. ideals (important reverence for nature) and put into practise in the Newland. Gilded age, Gold rush- America split into those trying to transcend and become one with the nature and those chasing after material wealth. Also refers to artificial shine, gloss etc. Shallow, materialistic Americans attempting to buy class. Sectionalism and nationalism- during civil war industry was growing; South still farmed so slavery existed; North progressed so slavery banished. Realism (how it actually is) V/S Idealism (what it should be) American transcendentalists failed in imitation of Indian philosophers but managed to articulate it. Food habits also changed- canned, packed food Reconstruction Era Automobiles Led to American dream of owning a house, car for self ...

by Kate Chopin Impressionism is an art form that plays with pressure and absences, or leaving out stuff Monet's Water Lilies is the most famous example - goes back to Transparent Eyeball (cataract on one eye so sees differently) http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/learn-about-art/guide-to-impressionism/guide-to-impressionism Impressionism follows the passage of light as in a partially lit or darkened room - utilizing periods of light and dark Chioroscuro Creole Mulatto Light is the absence of color texture is absorption or reflection of light Fluidity of gender Sexuality - to live is to be sexually alive - there is no denying one's sexuality, but in a convent it is completely ignored In this text, the color of lilacs is reflected through the sensuous description of the scent of the flower - depiction of texture Austerity is not the same as simplicity and elegance lay sisters - those assigned household duties. Often refugees Paris represents debauchery...

By James Russell Lowell Men! whose boast it is that ye Come of fathers brave and free, If there breathe on earth a slave, Are ye truly free and brave? If ye do not feel the chain, When it works a brother's pain, Are ye not base slaves indeed, Slaves unworthy to be freed? Women! who shall one day bear Sons to breathe New England air, If ye hear, without a blush, Deeds to make the roused blood rush Like red lava through your veins, For your sisters now in chains,-- Answer! are ye fit to be Mothers of the brave and free? Is true Freedom but to break Fetters for our own dear sake, And, with leathern hearts, forget That we owe mankind a debt? No! true freedom is to share All the chains our brothers wear And, with heart and hand, to be Earnest to make others free! They are slaves who fear to speak For the fallen and the weak; They are slaves who will not choose Hatred, scoffing, and abuse, Rather than in silence shrink From the truth they needs must think; They are slav...