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Geneotype: genetic makeup containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics Phenotype: observable characteristics Mutations: permanent alteration in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics (at least 1.6 harmful mutation per person in each generation) Many defects are hereditary and people pass them on  Mutation leads to abnormalities in genes/chromosomes (can occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental hazards like radiation) Many disorders are a result of inherited disposition and environmental factors before and/or after birth - Ex: ADHD is a behavioral disorder transmitted multifactorially -> combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits Not all abnormalities are visible at birth: Sachs - not visible until 6 months Sickle cell anaemia -"- Cystic fibrosis - not seen until age 4 Glaucoma - not seen until middle age Huntington's disease -"- 1 in every 156 children in Western co...

learning is  long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to environment BEHAVIORISM: mechanistic theory behaviorists look for events that determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated focus on associative learning through operant and classical conditioning classical conditioning is a natural form of learning that occurs even without intervention. by learning what events go together, children can anticipate what is going to happen and this makes their world a more orderly, predictable place John Watson's classical conditioning on Little Albert, an 11month baby - taught him to fear furry white objects operant conditioning -  individual learns from consequences of operating on the environment;  involves voluntary behavior -  an organism will repeat a response that has been reinforced and suppress a response that has been punished reinforcement increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated  (positive re...