Learning perspective

By King Meera -
learning is long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to environment


BEHAVIORISM:
  • mechanistic theory
  • behaviorists look for events that determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated
  • focus on associative learning through operant and classical conditioning
  • classical conditioning is a natural form of learning that occurs even without intervention. by learning what events go together, children can anticipate what is going to happen and this makes their world a more orderly, predictable place
  • John Watson's classical conditioning on Little Albert, an 11month baby - taught him to fear furry white objects
  • operant conditioning - individual learns from consequences of operating on the environment; involves voluntary behavior - an organism will repeat a response that has been reinforced and suppress a response that has been punished
  • reinforcement increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated (positive reinforcement - giving a reward; negative reinforcement - taking away an aversive event)
  • punishment is a consequence of behavior that decreases the likelihood of repetition (positive punishment - bringing on an aversive event; negative punishment - withdrawing a positive event)
  • reinforcement and punishment are most effective when they immediately follow a behavior
  • behavior modification or behavior therapy is the use of conditioning to gradually change behavior - esp with autism and eating disorders
SOCIAL LEARNING (Social Cognitive) THEORY
  • Albert Bandura
  • impetus for development comes from within the person
  • People learn appropriate social behavior chiefly by observing and imitating models, or watching other people - a process called modelling, or observational learning.
  • Imitation of models is the most important element in how children learn a language, deal with aggression, develop a moral sense and learn gender-appropriate behaviors.
  • The specific behavior people imitate depends on what they perceive as valued in their culture.
  • Cognitive processes are at work as people observe models, learn "chunks" of behavior and mentally put together the chunks into complex new behavior patterns
  • Children form standards and become more selective in choosing models, and develop self-efficacy (confidence that they have the characteristics they require to succeed) through feedback.

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