Study Buddy

Emphasis on mental processes Clinical method - combined observation with flexible questioning Comprehensive theory of cognitive development Organization - tendency to create increasingly complex cognitive structures or schemes (Systems of knowledge or ways of thinking that incorporate more and more accurate images of reality) Adaptation - how children handle new information in light of what they already know; involving assimilation (taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures) and accommodation (changing one's cognitive structures to include the new information);  the shift from one to the other is dictated by equilibriation (constant striving for for a stable balance or equilibrium)

Contextual/Sociocultural Central focus is social, cultural and historical complex Stresses on child's active engagement with environment, like Piaget Cognitive growth is a collaborative process Child acquires cognitive skills through social interaction Shared activities enable kids to internalize society's ways of thinking and behaving Adults must help direct and organize child's behavior Effective for helping child cross the zdp (Zone of Proximal Distance) that is the difference between what a child can do alone and what he can do with help In the course of collaboration, responsibility for directing and monitoring learning gradually shifts to child Ex: learning how to float in water Scaffolding - temporary support that parents, teachers or others give a child to master a task until the child can do it alone implications for education and cognitive testing - focus on a child's potential as opposed to what he has already learned

1) SIGMUND FREUD - Psychosexual Development people are born with biological drives that must be redirected so as to live in society personality is formed in childhood, as children deal with unconscious conflicts between these inborn urges and the requirements of civil life 5 stages, based on maturation: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital most susceptible to fixation during oral, anal and phallic stage 3 hypothetical parts of personality: id, ego and superego id functions on pleasure principle; ego - reality principle *clientele of upper-middle-class adults, mostly female does not take into account other and later influences on personality 2) ERIK ERIKSON - Psychosocial Development "crisis" between one positive and negative tendency  until 12-18 months of age - basic trust  vs mistrust  - value learned: hope whether the world is safe or not 12-18 months to 3 years - autonomy vs  shame or doubt  - will balance between independence...