Psychoanalytic approach - Freud & Erikson

By King Meera -
1) SIGMUND FREUD - Psychosexual Development

  • people are born with biological drives that must be redirected so as to live in society
  • personality is formed in childhood, as children deal with unconscious conflicts between these inborn urges and the requirements of civil life
  • 5 stages, based on maturation: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
  • most susceptible to fixation during oral, anal and phallic stage
  • 3 hypothetical parts of personality: id, ego and superego
  • id functions on pleasure principle; ego - reality principle
*clientele of upper-middle-class adults, mostly female
does not take into account other and later influences on personality

2) ERIK ERIKSON - Psychosocial Development
"crisis" between one positive and negative tendency 
  • until 12-18 months of age - basic trust vs mistrust - value learned: hope
whether the world is safe or not
  • 12-18 months to 3 years - autonomy vs shame or doubt - will
balance between independence, self-sufficiency and autonomy, and doubt and shame
  • 3 to 6 years of age - initiative vs guilt - value learned: purpose
develops initiative by trying out new things/activities and overrule overwhelming guilt
  • 6 years to puberty - industry vs inferiority - value learned: skill
child must learn skills of his or her culture or face incompetence
  • puberty to young adulthood - identity vs identity confusion - fidelity
adolescent must determine sense of self or experience confusion about roles
  • young adulthood - intimacy vs isolation - value learned: love
seek to make commitments; if fails may suffer isolation/self-subscription
  • middle adulthood - generativity vs stagnation - care
mature adult: guide and establish next generation or face personal impoverishment
  • late adulthood - ego integrity vs despair - wisdom
acceptance of inevitability of death or despair over inability to relive life

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