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Notes PDF (notes arranged by textbook order; see last page for index if you want to take a printout) Pattern Paper Must refer to social and political context for both types of questions. In the absence of this, must present a good introduction Dates important - mention century, quote lines and phrases Section A: 6 (out of 7) short notes of 5 marks each 3 paragraphs: about the author and context, answer the question, sensible conclusion must use keywords stick to the point - answer only the question asked - only symbolism/ lines from text/ whatever Section B: 3 (out of 4) essays for 10 marks each combination questions - theme-based with common historical context - will be given; pick out relevant texts and prove their relevance. Integrate the texts effectively. History based - connect to text but discuss context rather than text Section C: 2 (choice a or b for question 1, and a or b for question 2) essays of 20 marks each historical context/ direct textual/ both socio...

9-10 on Sept 28 Beat counter-culture (very male-oriented) Diogenas "wag the dog" anti-establishment sentiment Greenwich village project concept of space - Ghettoisation gray area: what is right and what is wrong? CSNY - Woodstock Jack Karouac - On the Road notion of lunacy employed by writers lunacy: drug abuse, LSD experimentation prevalent among artsy, writing, thinking types people exempt from the law: lunatics (do not comprehend the law). jesters (have diplomatic immunity), government (is the law) the body electric Lawrence Ferlinghetti Emily Dickinson-Walt Whitman-Allen Ginsberg - formed the trinity of American anti-establishment thought institution of marriage licentiousness NOT an internal monologue migraines an occupational hazard for thinkers Ginsberg not really an escapist Karmakohla - Geeta Mehta Whitman's questioning of lifestyles became an actuality, the norm, during Ginsberg's time self-consciousness - important for the Be...

10-11 on Sept 22 Europe was the arena of WWII "kill to get crimson" story of Lot artists considered idle art vs activism era of modernism dissonance as an art form couplet - classical writing Beauty will save the world? most of us live so that we have a story to tell "sweet" "rose-leaves" - symbolic of youth, beauty, freshness youth is a license for innocence and naivete Hahah this makes no sense ^ Bhavani Ma'am's recap though: ( <3 <3 <3 ) moral vs immoral context: Pound disliked Jews "rose-leaves," not the flower itself because the rose requires the rose plant in order to thrive holocaust pretense of great deeds, nobility - for recognition imagist believes in economy of words, brevity "Make it new" - all poetry after him was entirely dissimilar, full of vitality, new (tq Daddy) 1. Ezra Pound comparable to Lot for leaving America and going to Italy (Sodom and Gomorrah - vice and ...

Analysis: Context, Content, Form (of Dr Martin Luther King Jr's famous speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington) Rev. King delivered it at the commencement of the 'Great March' or March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. Exactly a hundred years before this historical event, the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by Abraham Lincoln to the desired effect of eradicating slavery and racial injustice. However, it was unclear what should happen with slaves; the proclamation did not remove racism or discrimination or address the issue of compensation to slaves or their former owners; and loopholes of citizenship as well as civil concerns rendered the decree a failure. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (henceforth King) notes how, even a hundred years after the decree was passed, the miseries of the black man continue - police brutality, poverty, exile, social immobility, and delay in justice, freedom, equality and citizenship rights. The political and...

 - Sylvia Plath ⦁ green young - fresh leaves, innocence ⦁ boy - very young ⦁ frozen in time ⦁ statue witnesses so many autumns ⦁ bronze medal of honor in military ⦁ "Nothing gold can stay" ⦁ bronze - young one who has lost his life ⦁ gold mouths - shining crevices of the statue ⦁ all the time that he has been immortalized, he has witnessed the rest of the world ⦁ heroic reason - for valor; perhaps for prosperity, recognition ⦁ metal season - autumn - you begin to think you're all that and you acquire a reputation but it won't last ⦁ dead laugh among the goldenrod -> power, wealth -> grave - goldenrod in coffin -> all that you accumulate in life is meaningless in death -> laughing at "gold" -> all glory means nothing to the boy because he is dead so seeking fame and wealth is futile ⦁ kneedeep in centuries * doesn't affect him anymore * disillusioned * been there done that * no point in seeing anything if...

10-11 on Sept 18 ⦁ written in 1940 but set in 1920 ⦁ Harlem renaissance of 1918-1930 - African-American settlement ⦁ separation; did not live in harmony ⦁ supposedly equal but not, so -> black pride -> jazz music especially Harlem stride ⦁ poem is abut new beginnings - all skin colors in harmony ⦁ politically driven - progressive socialist secular ideas ⦁ Langston Hughes as a jazz composer, an artist painting with colors of skin ⦁ write me some songs - this is what's in our minds ⦁ swamp mist representation of upward mobility; rising, camouflage; look up jazz album released ⦁ dew - "falling" indiscriminately - music to be enjoyed by all ⦁ tall tall - landscape of America; African-American men ⦁ significance of pine - evergreen, prosperous ⦁ red clay - Native Americans ⦁ poppy - Australians, Commonwealth Army ⦁ brown - Mexicans ⦁ daisy eyes - Europeans ⦁ red necks - sunburnt plantation workers ⦁ "creamies" white black...

⦁ simple writing ⦁ pastoral images ⦁ starts with delight ends with reason ⦁ still a Romantic, but very subtle ⦁ (not raw, jarring - speaks of all things that cummings and Ezra Pound speak of, but with class and subtlety) ⦁ impressionism, expressionism ⦁ wall - separates his route from another's ⦁ "And had just..." reliving a memory; seeing and showing us what happened ⦁ Footprints - remnants of memories; great (important events) and small (of less consequence); impressions, not just images ⦁ Less than two (I am incomplete, I have lost me) but more than one (and taken on parts of you) ⦁ point of the parasol - at that one point we saw the true nature, the real shape, we saw with clarity the boundaries of our relationship ⦁ she smiles, recounting memories, without prejudice to him: -> perhaps a past that he wasn't even a part of -> she had many pretty memories before him but that doesn't forfeit the possibility of her being hapy in his...

10-11 on Sept 14 ·          Sense of abjectness ·          Autumn and loneliness-fragmentation, gradual descent; slowly walking movement; isolation ·          Typographical poetry – using typeface to represent ideas – later called concrete poetry or visual poetry ·          Modernism – 20 th century – after WW1 (notion of the world as disposable) angst, malaise (illness of mind), existential crisis With WW II, more complex, sophisticated, efficient way of killing many people  loss of faith in establishment, church (look up sterility in this context) ·          Cummings was a graphic artist ·          Understanding the (movement)essence of every creature ·          When do we become who we are? I...

10-11 on 27 Aug – BHAVANI stream of consciousness serial husband dying of gangrene recollects memories of people, death, life in poverty,  of lovely places he’s seen current wife trying to amuse him doesn’t love her finds that his pretences of love are nicer than the real thing; smothering, quarrelsome in love much heat random hyena Hemmingway an ambulance driver, seen aach* lot of pain Modern Period- 1900-1945 Fascinated by upper class society American Dream- term coined by-James truslow-Life liberty, pursuit of happiness gradually dissolved into materialism American self-importance to individual identity Streetcar named desire Death of a salesman American Dream redefined-money, car, house Sense, sensibility- shattered by wars Survival, loss, disillusionment Youth suffered a sense of ennui- a ‘lost’ generation Difficult to label American lifestyle, writing, sensibilities coherently. No inhibitions in expressing anything Some believe in precision, accuracy, ...

10-11 on 31 Aug Cockney (dialect) a marker of being part of the lowest stratum of society sense of persecution - guilty coz black "oversoul" end result of slavery is dehumanization hegemony only way of overcoming - keeping hope alive, fighting back, not accepting other end of spectrum (of dealing with things) is fatalism feeling of being a fugitive (phenomenon) (to be black in America) even to this day  runaway - <Black like me> equal (nuomena) but segregated Blacks in sports and entertainment rather than policy making- if you must be equal to us then do things that entertain us Zora Lee Hurston - jazz not a part of the white man Chapter is a dry comment on America- it is all a projection and thereby construction of power. notion of constantly being a fugitive - victim of law and his own psyche- collective unconsciousness Jones himself running from the law for murder. crown berry - song figure of hobo - gonzo journalism okay to be a rolling stone, gat...

I'm sorry it's not in essay format - the notes are too scattered History of African American writing not rooted in pain and suffering but in resistance look at slavery as a project auction block tradition (like in 12 years a slave) (belief that some are sub-human) state of supported slavery - heavy physical labor that was required in plantations and agriculture (cotton, canes) provided for through slavery - white man didn't want to get his hands dirty especially when free labor was an option Boers = Germans in Africa Slaves tracked down as animals manacled in holds belonged to different tribes; had strong Islamic practices slave traders were illiterate, brutish whites Africans were very civilized but stripped of civilization in the holds -> clothing removed (morality, modesty denied) -> dead left to fester and be eaten by rats -> cleaned by hot water being thrown at them -> auction block (complete objectification) -> marriage not allo...

SHREWD colonizer, presented colonizing such that Native Americans would take it well colonizer with a difference explorer who managed to colonize excellent rapport with natives - to understand their practices, culture, mold self accordingly NEW LAND a myth - but idea of new world, new Church Virginia Native Americans knew their land, knew how to work it come here and get rich easily - rich enough to sustain 3 generations sarcastic attack on how Englishmen fail to make most of resources - only plunder 1607 - Jamestown 1620 - John Smith arrives with pilgrims METAPHORS of fishing and fowling (juxtaposed merits and demerits) *Pocahontas w.r.t. John Smith Textbook notes: Colonizers held the notion that the natives lacked skills, industry, religion etc. Smith says they have all that and fun, and if any colonizer came there, he must know this. Fishing, retreats into the mountains is holiday for Englishmen but daily life for Natives Englishmen pull money out of their pocket...

Fluttering ribbons - Sensual, flirtatious, Natural, Human, Earthly, material. Dream, Sleep - important in American literature, because America did not have the cultural history of other nations. In sleep, you can talk walk, kill -  dreams and sleep explain all, like the concept of God explains. Why live a life without sin, for a 100 yrs, if there is no pleasure in it? Go out and experience, learn Dark Romanticism - joys of sin. Biblical, moral in tone and grandeur of language. May pray without ever doing good May also do good without praying Stock characters - those who portray only one side of the argument - timesaving device. Anointing is an act of consecration. Personification used to achieve a sense of allegory. Allegory - when the unsaid must be said, without  too much consequence. (siezed agency)  nuomena &pheomena Perspective, context, lack of bias, unfair to judge. I understand that it makes us unable to judge ...

In vain upon that hand reclined, (trusted you in vain)  I call each plighted worth my own, (plighted worth - oxymoron; must face consequences alone) Or rising to thy sovereign mind (rising to YOUR expectations, but I cannot have any because women do not have a sovereign mind) Say that it reigns for me alone. (her fault she trusted him, his mind supposedly reigns over her alone) Since, subject to its ardent sway, (ardent sway - oxymoron since devoutly passionate but unfaithful, unstable) How many hearts were left to weep, (how many wives and lovers have been left at home, weak and alone, so you may go love another; speaking of cheating husbands in general) To find the granted wish decay, (granted wish - wedding vow) And the triumphant passion sleep! (momentary beauty, affection, devotion, excitement - "love") Such were of love the transient flame, Which by the kindling senses led, (if any sensual pleasures kindle this "love") To every new attrac...

Atlantic slave trade Negro- factual Nigger - derogatory 14th Amendment - African American; not native  Americans - N. A. only got citizenship in the 60s sharecropping a form of slavery -  indentured servitude -  must return to it for survival debt -> crop failure -> credit + INTEREST -> pestilence Free men's bureau, Affirmative action -> just a leg up Rich do not want to give to the poor meaningfully you can never advance Jim Crow - N.A. Latino, Black cannot walk on the same sidewalk 13th Amendment - Black man gets right to vote BUT Poll tax Literacy test this is known as micro aggression or death from a million paper cuts Frugality, thrift John Crow -> System of laws 1940 -> Segregation, Great depression

EMILY DICKINSON http://www.proseandhistory.com/i-years-had-been-from-home/ http://www.poetrysoup.com/famous/poem/1646/I_Years_had_been_from_Home http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/155 http://www.biography.com/people/emily-dickinson-9274190 Experience of death - wow I want to jump into the ocean Introspection No title - open to interpretation, audience left looking for themes Obscure entries or exits, readers intrigued <TRUTH IS BEAUTY IS TRUTH > like Keats <TIME - could not stop for death> <SELECT AND CHOOSE> writing back = working with an established center that we are bound to appropriation = when you analyze how another culture's artifacts work for them and see if they'll work for you                     = artistic survival strategies preservation vs conservation                       ^like a particular genre of music - look fo...