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Characters: 1. Munshi Khairat Ali Khan (Inspector of Sanitation) Goodhearted, well thought of, not the kind to cut pay, scold or fine the hundreds of sweeper women who depends on him 2. Alarakkhi (sweeper woman) Worked hard (was not a shirker, not slovenly or saucy, didn't look bad either) just had bad luck - the Inspector rode by precisely when she'd just sat down or stopped to eat 3. Alarakkhi's sick, unweaned daughter 4. Alarakkhi's helpful husband Huseni Plot: Alarakkhi is thinking about her pay and guessing how much would be deducted this time  considering, due to her daughter's illness, she'd been missed sleep and come in late several times the past month. Her daughter, whom she had brought with her to work, was wailing and she was threatening to hit her with the broom if she didn't stay quiet because the Inspector would be there soon. The inspector arrived on his bicycle instead of his ekka just as she was cursing him. He asks her why she ...

Structuralism claimed to be objective and scientific and that by being systematic, it would yield answers . However there were never any answers. Roland Barthes' 'The Death of the Author' became the turning point in structuralism. Death here is figurative - when the book is complete and published and the author no longer has any control over the book and how it is read and what meanings are drawn from his/her text. "The death of the author is the birth of the reader." Post-structuralism reveals that everything has a centre except for language. A centre is basically the structure, a point of reference - the Sun in the Solar System, Jupiter for all its moons, for instance. Language cannot have a centre. It is fluid and dynamic. This is the reason that one word may have more than one meaning. In structuralism: A specific domain of culture understood through a structure Modelled on language Relates literary texts to a larger structure (a particular genre) E...

things are not understood in isolation units combine with each other based on rules the world is made up of structures, made up of systems, made up of units structuralist analysis - interrelationship of units and rules -  meaning linguistics - a structuralist perspective: literary texts are made up of language, which is made up of words (units) and grammar (rules) 9 Nov 2015 structure is universal; content may differ - ex: Mad Libs Meanings are outside; attributed - human mind structures units and rules to give meaning focus on chickens (structures) not eggs (individual texts/ elements) everything is understood in terms of larger context structure remains constant - universal elements and their interpretations may differ based on sociocultural context no text has inherent, intrinsic meaning; meaning is attributed to it by us deeply rooted in linguistics (the science of language) Ferdinand de Saussure literature is made up of language (language is a signi...

Notes: Definition(s): Social psychology is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to others. The focus may be on perceptions and attitudes, interactions among people, or group dynamics. The systematic study of human behavior with emphasis on the social context. Study of society: scientific study of how people think about it, influence, and relate to others 3 main approaches to/ levels of social psychology: Societal - different views on issues in society and the conflicts that may arise Individual - assistance in coping/socializing/conforming Interpersonal level It has its roots in the psychoanalytic theory (Freud), behaviorism (Kurt Koffka) and Gestalt psychology. For instance, social psychologists recognize that behavior is influenced by personal motives and by the emotional reactions individuals have to situations and other people. They are interested in how we learn to be helpful or to obey authority or to espouse conservative pol...

Formalism: Russian formalism, Russian revolution, Bolshevik revolution etc emphasis on form focus on literariness of the text what is or isn't literature is also based on the language used: where "Frailty, thy name is woman" is poetic and literary, "you are a frail woman" is merely everyday speech looked for literary and poetic devices, rhyme scheme, diction, syntax et did not care about context making the stone stonier Victor Schlovsky: defamiliarization making that which is familiar to you, unfamiliar literature makes standard language defamiliarized to us for instance, "boy meets girl - fall in love - both die" sounds like a stupid plot but Romeo and Juliet is considered a literary masterpiece  Ian Mukarovsky: Foregrounding standard language (background) poetic language (in foreground) together become literary language still believed that context make reader digress from meaning of text  Roman Jakobsen: Literature is ...

Notes PDF (notes arranged by textbook order; see last page for index if you want to take a printout) Pattern Paper Must refer to social and political context for both types of questions. In the absence of this, must present a good introduction Dates important - mention century, quote lines and phrases Section A: 6 (out of 7) short notes of 5 marks each 3 paragraphs: about the author and context, answer the question, sensible conclusion must use keywords stick to the point - answer only the question asked - only symbolism/ lines from text/ whatever Section B: 3 (out of 4) essays for 10 marks each combination questions - theme-based with common historical context - will be given; pick out relevant texts and prove their relevance. Integrate the texts effectively. History based - connect to text but discuss context rather than text Section C: 2 (choice a or b for question 1, and a or b for question 2) essays of 20 marks each historical context/ direct textual/ both socio...

Age 2-7 Children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic Advances: -Symbolic function (ability to use symbols or mental representations such as words, numbers, or images, to which a person has attached meaning) (deferred imitation, pretend play, language) -Symbolic development and spatial thinking (reliably grasp the relationship between pictures, maps or scale models and the objects they represent) (however, as per dual representation hypothesis, children under the age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time which they cannot do yet) -Causality (understand cause and effect but achieve this reasoning through transduction or mentally linking phenomena (regardless of logic). Ability to use psychological, social-conventional, biological reasoning and logic but only in in familiar situations that they understand already) -Understan...

Infant gradually becomes able to organize activities in relation to the environment through sensory and motor activity (Coordinate input from senses and organize activities in relation to environment) Processes of (i) organization (ii) adaptation and (iii) equilibriation (cause and effect keep reversing) Schemes: organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations Circular reactions: an infant learns to reproduce pleasurable or interesting events originally discovered by chance SUBSTAGE 1 0-1 month -neonates begin to exercise some control over their inborn reflexes, engaging in a behavior even when its normal stimulant is not present -infants modify and extend the scheme for sucking SUBSTAGE 2 1-4 months -babies learn to repeat a pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance - primary circular reaction -turn toward sounds (coordinate vision and hearing) SUBSTAGE 3 4-8 months (coincides with new interest in manipulating objects and learning about their ...

1. Orientation towards punishment and obedience: What will happen to me? 2. Instrumental purpose of exchange: You scratch my back; I'll scratch yours 3. Maintaining mutual relations, approval of others: "Golden rule" (Am I a good boy or good girl?) 4. Social concern and conscience: What if everyone did it? 5. Morality of contract, individual rights and democratically accepted law 6: Morality of universal ethical principles