Piaget's Sensorimotor stage

By King Meera -
Infant gradually becomes able to organize activities in relation to the environment through sensory and motor activity
(Coordinate input from senses and organize activities in relation to environment)
Processes of (i) organization (ii) adaptation and (iii) equilibriation
(cause and effect keep reversing)
Schemes: organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations
Circular reactions: an infant learns to reproduce pleasurable or interesting events originally discovered by chance

SUBSTAGE 1
0-1 month
-neonates begin to exercise some control over their inborn reflexes, engaging in a behavior even when its normal stimulant is not present
-infants modify and extend the scheme for sucking

SUBSTAGE 2
1-4 months
-babies learn to repeat a pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance - primary circular reaction
-turn toward sounds (coordinate vision and hearing)

SUBSTAGE 3
4-8 months
(coincides with new interest in manipulating objects and learning about their properties)
-intentional actions repeated not merely for their own sake but to get results beyond the infant's own body - secondary circular reaction 
-shake rattle to hear noise

SUBSTAGE 4 - "coordination of secondary schemes"
8-12 months
-generalize from past experience to solve new problems
-can distinguish means from ends
-try out, modify and co-ordinate previous schemes to find one that works
-marks development of complex, goal-directed behavior such as crawling towards something they want and grabbing it

SUBSTAGE 5
12-18 months
-begin to experiment with new behavior to see what will happen
-once they begin to walk, can more easily explore environment
-originality in problem-solving
-trial and error
-varying an action to get a similar result rather than simply repeating pleasing behavior they have accidentally discovered - tertiary circular reaction
-toddler squeezes a rubber duck that squeaked when stepped on to see if it will squeak again

SUBSTAGE 6 ' "mental combinations"
18 months to two years
-transition into preoperational stage
-representational ability: ability to mentally represent objects and events in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers and mental pictures
-ability to manipulate symbols frees them from necessity of firsthand experience
- can imitate actions that they do not see in front of them (can pretend) - deferred imitation
-can think about actions before taking them

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