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Infant gradually becomes able to organize activities in relation to the environment through sensory and motor activity (Coordinate input from senses and organize activities in relation to environment) Processes of (i) organization (ii) adaptation and (iii) equilibriation (cause and effect keep reversing) Schemes: organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations Circular reactions: an infant learns to reproduce pleasurable or interesting events originally discovered by chance SUBSTAGE 1 0-1 month -neonates begin to exercise some control over their inborn reflexes, engaging in a behavior even when its normal stimulant is not present -infants modify and extend the scheme for sucking SUBSTAGE 2 1-4 months -babies learn to repeat a pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance - primary circular reaction -turn toward sounds (coordinate vision and hearing) SUBSTAGE 3 4-8 months (coincides with new interest in manipulating objects and learning about their ...

1. Orientation towards punishment and obedience: What will happen to me? 2. Instrumental purpose of exchange: You scratch my back; I'll scratch yours 3. Maintaining mutual relations, approval of others: "Golden rule" (Am I a good boy or good girl?) 4. Social concern and conscience: What if everyone did it? 5. Morality of contract, individual rights and democratically accepted law 6: Morality of universal ethical principles

MIDLIFE CRISIS -crisis of identity -second adolescence -brought on by awareness of mortality -not universal -"stressful life period precipitated by the review and reevaluation of one's past, typically occurring in the early to middle forties" -midlife is just one of life's transitions, a transition typically involving an introspective review and reappraisal of values and priorities  (midlife review), the simultaneous managing of gains and losses and recognition of the finitude of life. -ego-resiliency helps (ability to adapt flexibly and resourcefully to potential sources of stress) IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT -although main concern of adolescence, identity continues to develop - is a central issue of adulthood also -midlife is a time of stock-taking w.r.t. roles and relationships, it may bring to the surface unresolved identity issues SOCIAL CONVOY THEORY (Kahn and Antonucci) Proposition : People move through life surrounded by social convoys - circles of c...

IDENTITY: -coherent conception of the self -includes goals, values and beliefs to which the person is solidly committed IDENTITY VS IDENTITY CONFUSION: -Erikson's 5th stage -the adolescent seeks to develop coherent sense of self -including the role he/she is to play in society - - identity vs role  confusion - ascertain and organize their abilities, needs, interests and desires so they can be expressed in a social context IDENTITY CONFUSION: -normal to a certain degree -accounts for chaotic adolescent behavior and teenagers' painful self-consciousness -cliquishness and intolerance of differences are defences against identity confusion -regression into childishness to avoid resolving conflicts -impulsively commit themselves to poorly thought-out courses of action THREE MAJOR ISSUES: -choice of occupation -adoption of values to believe in and live by -development of a satisfying sexual identity * Find a way to use skills  learned - industry vs inferiority...

excerpt from novel by same name "She was taught at an early age that it did not matter what she thought or felt and she was placed here on earth for one reason only, to please the men and do exactly as they demanded. Her mother told her that she would have paradise one day, but only with her husband. Zeinab took ongoing abuse throughout her whole life. She learned at a very early age that every man that was ever in her life was going to mistreat and abused her because she had no purpose here on earth. She often found herself daydreaming of a beautiful place that had no suffering and pain. After her husband’s death, she wanted to seek happiness with another man, however understanding how others would view her, she kept on mourning. I believe the mourning was for her own torture, not the loss of her husband. This story was a little confusing. I hope that I am reading this right. The way I read this, it seemed that she faked her death to finally see paradise and found that her ...

Summary  (one-line recaps of every single chapter) Totto-chan as Children's Literature: A literary genre is a category of literary compositions. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content, or length. According to Anderson, there are six categories of children's literature (with some significant subgenres): picture-books, traditional literature, fiction, non-fiction, biography and autobiography, and poetry and verse. Totto chan, the Little Girl at the Window, written by Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, classifies as autobiographical children's literature. Tetsuko Kuroyanagi's nickname as a child was Totto-chan. Kuroyanagi went to Tomoe Elementary School (Tomoe Gakuen) when she was young.  Kuroyanagi published her children book Totto-chan, the Little Girl at the Window, about the values of the unconventional education that she received at Tomoe Gakuen elementary school during World War II, and her teacher Sosaku Kobayashi. The book is considered her childhood mem...

http://express-journal.com/pdf/ACRITICALSTUDYM.pdf http://www.jirasindia.com/Publication/Vol-1-Iss-4/JJH-005-2014-FP.pdf (^introduction is v. helpful but go through the rest also) Remember the subheadings at least: Tales in Childhood Women's Oral Tales Stories about Stories Tales Have Relatives all Over the World Stories for Small Children Beginnings and Endings

Relevance of Gandhi as an icon today How have the perceptions and perspectives about Gandhi changed over time. Why does Rushdie say that Gandhi today is up for grabs? How has Gandhi become a "citizen of the world"? Explain with examples.

Redefine terrorism w.r.t. the U.S. government's activities during and after the Cold War. Comment on the irony of "War on Terrorism" initiatives by America. Who is Eduardo Galeano? Discuss his role as a writer and a revolutionary with reference to Allende's introduction. What is literature and writing according to Allende and Galeano? (pg 292 last paragraph and 293 after Open Veins of Latin... )

Significance of title:  Helen of Troy an iconic woman, a symbol of beauty; hers was the face a thousand ships sailed for. She also stands for the unattainable, the out-of-bounds, a woman they (men, or the dancer's clients) cannot have. The poet uses this symbol to shock the readers and to bring out the crassness and total objectification of a beautiful woman such that she has no grace left - she is a piece of meat on a shelf. Read this:   http://themosthappy.me/2014/01/07/margaret-george-and-margaret-atwood-tackle-helen-of-troy/ Quote these: "Exploited, they'd say. Yes, any way you cut it, but I've a choice of how, and I'll take the money." "It's the smiling that tires me the most, and the pretense.." "You think I'm not a goddess? Try me." Line-by-line analysis: The world is full of women who'd tell me I should be ashamed of myself if they had the chance. Quit dancing. Get some self-respect and a day job. slut-s...