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Linguistics is a systematic study of the manner in which language works. Language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular region/country for talking/writing in. PROPERTIES: Displacement: ability to refer to past and future time – to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment. Arbitrariness: the aspect of the relationship between linguistic signs and objects in the world whereby there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. Productivity: the potential number of utterances in any human language is infinite – humans are continually creating new expressions and novel utterances by manipulating their linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations. (Fixed reference: animal communication has a fixed set of signals – each signal in the system is fixed as relating to a particular object or occasion and cannot be m...

Mercifully, these are not marginalized texts or authors, so you can shmoop the hell out of them. Pied Beauty by Gerard Manley Hopkins  (notes) A Narrow Fellow in the Grass by Emily Dickinson  (shmoop) A Child Said, What is the Grass by Walt Whitman  (notes) The Coffee House of Surat By Leo Tolstoy  (notes) The Storyteller by Saki  (gradesaver) The False Gems by Guy de Maupassant  (stereotype)   (prostitute?)   (summary) The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin  (shmoop) Of Wisdom for a Man's Self  (writetoscore) Professions for Women: Virginia Woolf  (the Angel in the House)   (paperdue) Yes, Your Honesty by George and Helen Papashvily (cuenglias) Purpose by T. P. Kailasan  (cuenglias) Short story writing Report writing

"An attempt at examining religion and how one's upbringing can mould one's religious perceptions. The debate in the coffee house showcases, in many ways, Man's inability to agree with others. But it ends on the idea that Good is omnipresent and that indeed there is a unity in Man, even in the hearts and minds of non believers and people of different religious backgrounds." Some heavy H.Ed. is happening here. Anyway, here's all the religious beliefs portrayed, in order: Persian theologian read too much about God and ceased to believe in His existence African slave carried an idol of wood of the fetish tree; the people of his country worship the fetish tree; he believes the God has guarded him from the day of his birth Brahmin says that's foolish since Brahma the creator is the only God, and has protected his true priests, the Brahmins, who know the true God, and none but they Jew says "...none does He protect but His chosen people, the Israelit...

desire to emphasize difference between art and propaganda a writer's social class and its prevailing ideology (outlook, values, tacit assumptions, half-realized allegiances etc) have a major bearing on what is written by him as a member of that class w.r.t. content, obviously, but also form deals with history in a generalized way - speaks of conflict within classes and clashes of large historical forces, but rarely discusses the detail of a specific historical situation or relates it closely to the interpretation of a particular historical text Leninist Marxist criticism: 1930s - reaction throughout Soviet society; State began to exert direct control over literature and he arts as well as everything else influenced by Lenin's argument that "Literature must become Party literature ... Literature must become part of the organized, methodical, and unified labors of the social democratic party> Soviet Writers' Congress (1934) outlawed liberal views; new Len...

'The Birthday Girl' is a story within a story. The narrator, whom we know nothing of except that she is having this conversation, tells us what the other woman tells her about her 20th birthday. Btw, the other woman is over 30, has two children - a boy and a girl, drives an Audi, is married to a CPA 3 years older than herself, they have an Irish settler, and she plays tennis with her girlfriends twice a week. She used to wait tables every Friday at one of the better-known Italian restaurants in the Roppongi district of Tokyo in her student days, which is where her story is set. O.W. (other woman) had to work on her birthday, Friday, November 17, because her waitress friend who offered to fill in for her became sick. O.W. didn't mind; work would take her mind off of what she had a sinking feeling was a break-up, with her boyfriend since high school. Her story is quite straightforward - she had to deliver dinner to the owner of the restaurant, because the manage, who did...

Diti Golder's post It was the aim of our syllabus committee to include marginalized voices, such as Linda Hogan's. She is not mainstream because (a) she is of Native American ethnicity and (b) her themes are somewhat metaphysical: life, death, rebirth, the circle of life, oneness with nature's people etc. This  essay  on the Native American perspective w.r.t. Linda Hogan is a lifesaver. Let us examine the many, many themes in this essay. Firstly, work:  -according to  Elana here , working shapes the way people live, from individuals to communities, to the globe. When I think about it, “work” means to me to exert physical or mental effort in order to do, make or accomplish something, or the function of completing a process or carrying out a task. -Hogan carries the words "Our work is our altar" throughout her life, the words having deeply resounded with her on account of just having been healed and nursed by the woman who uttered them.  -She s...

Textbook scribblings: self/other authority/powerlessness advanced/backward white/colored beauty/lack thereof (ugliness) science(scientific)/superstition(superstitious) civilized/barbaric Christian(religious)/pagan own systems of language/native systems of language An important and recurring binary of self vs other, where, as above, the former is privileged over the latter. If you recall from Marxism, ideology is a set of ideas and beliefs propagated by a certain section of society (the dominant one, that possesses authority). This is done through control over discourse. The point is, the colonizers and the colonized made sense of or learned to make sense of their "self", respectively, in relation to one another (as, say, superior/inferior). Basically the colonizers were creating an identity for the "other" and imposing it through control and authority. Notebook scribblings: Adopt phase: postcolonial writer who adopts the Western way of writing ...

Printable PDF Ch1.1   Ch1.2 Ch5 Ch8: Marxism Ch10: Postcolonial criticism Ch2: Structuralism Ch12: Narratology Ch12.ii: Aristotle vs Plato Ch3: Post-Structuralism and Deconstruction Ch6: Feminism Ch9: New historicism and cultural materialism Ch4: Postmodernism Ch13: Ecocriticism

Modernism was after WWI (1914-1918 and after). It was a series of cultural movements. There were systems in place that promised people that their needs would be fulfilled and that failed them. They were disillusioned, angry and anxious; and they expressed this through art, literature, architecture etc. This was the beginning of the avant-garde movement. Hemingway's zero endings Ezra Pound - "make it new" stream of consciousness impressionism self-reflexivity People began to question everything, including the existence of God. Modernists recognized that the old order had crumbled - they were happy that the old had given way to the new, but were deeply anxious about how to set up a new world order rejected certainty of Enlightenment Age thought (such as belief in experiments and rationality) - chaos and disorder was more real for them rejected the existence of an all-powerful creator saw traditional forms of art as outdated no fixed answer avant-garde:...

You no longer privilege only literary texts - you begin to recognize and appreciate other texts, such as annals, rituals, fashion etc, since they are also part of the era. There is no more foregrounding of certain texts over others, and there is equal importance given to co-texts. New Historicism opposes the exclusively text-based approach. There is no more isolation. Texts cannot exist in a vacuum. New Historicism borrows heavily from Marxism, as with the the proposition that every text is rooted in social relations, factoring power struggles, and material conditions of life. Stephen Greenblatt  started this; he first used the term. Here's some ppt points: parallel reading of literary and non-literary texts reaction to text-only approach which placed literature in a vacuum; it was a recovery of the referent textuality of history and historicity of texts: texts and co-texts old historicism saw history as objective, unchanging and which can be recovered easily new hist...