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PHONETICS: The study of the articulation, transfer and reception of speech Reasons to study phonetics: a standard, for correctness, to be understood (Received pronunciations – British English – IPA) Speech System: 1.         The respiratory system (lungs, muscles of chest, windpipe (trachea), bronchi) 2.         The articulatory system 3.         The phonetory system (pharynx, larynx) Classification of consonants: 1.         Air stream mechanism The source of the air you use to produce the sound. (i)                    Pulmonic air stream mechanism – lungs (ii)                  Velaric air stream mechanism – soft palate (ii...

The selection of speech sounds that form the sound system of a language, and their combination and organization to form words is studied under phonology. English (of Received Pronunciation) has 44 speech sounds - 12 pure vowels, 8 diphthongs, and 24 consonants. Each language organizes the sounds in its sound system differently. For instance, Tamil, Hindi and English all have the voiceless velar plosive [k], and while all three languages permit [k] in word beginnings, and Hindi and English allow [k] in word endings, Tamil does not. Or where words English and Hindi may end in vowels and consonants, the phonology of Kannada doesn't permit consonants to end words. Or even within English, a word may begin with three consonant sounds, only such that the first is [s], the second is [p], [t], or [k], and the third is [l], [r], [j], or [w]. Phoneme theory: Two or more variants of a sound ( members  - allophones (of the phoneme)) may occur in mutually exclusive, predictable phoneti...

Linguistics is a systematic study of the manner in which language works. Language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular region/country for talking/writing in. PROPERTIES: Displacement: ability to refer to past and future time – to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment. Arbitrariness: the aspect of the relationship between linguistic signs and objects in the world whereby there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. Productivity: the potential number of utterances in any human language is infinite – humans are continually creating new expressions and novel utterances by manipulating their linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations. (Fixed reference: animal communication has a fixed set of signals – each signal in the system is fixed as relating to a particular object or occasion and cannot be m...