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SOCIETY: Aristocracy > Middle class > Working class Middle class dominated the poor POVERTY: move to city to chase the urban dream institutional crime Oliver the illegitimate child of an aristocrat - Dickens makes him suffer like the oppressed but not all middle-class people are evil IDENTITY: mistaken identity orphans don't know their roots GOOD VS. EVIL SOCIAL CRITICISM: origins matter more than character - rather assumptions made about character on the basis of only origin bias showed England at its worst - but if he sugar-coated it, the book would be dismissed rich-poor divide ------------- Oliver neglected, starved, ill-clothed Mistreated even as a child Theme of innocence - where do you begin to differentiate between naivete and stupidity "inappropriate" time of birth Reality of workhouses portrayed ---------------- SOCIAL CONTEXT English Poor Law biased implementation - emphasis on virtues of hard...

Transition from Early to Late Victorian Beginning of modernism, ecological discourse spoke about environment poems published posthumously, in 20th century, but it just so happened that the questions he raised in his poems were relevant then they questioned the false sense of progress, man's insensitive attitude towards Nature - how man is not in tune with Nature and has smudged the Earth {God's Granger - world charged with the electric energy of God} INSCAPE - God's utterance of himself outside himself in this world - totality of all characteristics, unique to all creatures, uniquely and that differentiates it from the world INSTRESS - force of being that holds inscape together - the impulse of recognition - because one impulse of being is different from the other how everything - people, experiences, places, things - affects us perhaps most importantly, "the ice cream is also doing things to you" Inscape and Instress " Hopkins’s mimetic langua...

ECONOMICS: Developed and under-developed economies Capitalism Communism Socialism Nehruvian Socialism Five-year plans Nationalization License Raj system Stock market as a barometer of economy Liberalization  Privatization Globalization Alternative to GDP - Quality of Life Crony capitalism Each country has its own economic identity, just as India does. For instance, America is considered a rich country, and in terms of non-Americans' aspirations, chasing the American dream. However, in any analysis we must always consider comparisons as opposed to "sops" and unrealistic yardsticks. We discussed status, the role of advertisements in desires, "keeping up with the Jones'" and skipped over a thousand other topics. Economies may be categorized into first-world, third-world, in-between (or still-developing) and oil-producing countries. Parameters of development: (Discuss facets of development keeping India in mind. - 15 marks' poten...

POLITICS: Difference between nation and state http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-science/nations-and-states/section1.rhtml http://glossary.usip.org/resource/state-versus-nation Features of Parliamentary democracy http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444221/parliament http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444244/Parliament http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1384209/parliamentary-democracy Indian states reorganized on linguistic ground - reasons and consequences Sub-nationalism w.r.t. North-East and Telangana Secularism and communalism - votebank politics  http://himalmag.com/monolith-india-vote-bank/ Coalition politics - pros and cons:  http://www.academia.edu/4954609/The_Least_Worst_Option_The_Pros_and_Cons_of_Coalition_Government   http://www.aventure.ac.in/coalition-politics-pros-cons/ International relations - Indian foreign policy Neo-imperialism  http://www.suu.edu/faculty/ping/pdf/TheNe...

tone is of sly civility - civil but if you read between the lines, THREAT!!! cooperation in spite of circumstances because he thought it was for the greater good of India risked life during Boer war treachery of Mr Lloyd George and the fact that it was appreciated by the British exploitation of resources - basically saying "we know what you're up to" Punjab atrocities condoned sick burn: "But though my faith in your good intentions is gone,I recognise your bravery, and I know what you will not yield to justice and reason,you will gladly yield to bravery."-Englishmen do not respond well to reasoning-brawn over brains,which they lack. disregard of India's poverty disarmament and emasculation  degrading treatment meted out to Indians "ensured our incapacity to fight in open and honorable battle" however, bravery of the soul still an option - strong spirit cooperation would only lead to greater enslavement   the masses not responding to ...

Manjula Ranganathan's style Wicked commentary on TSRs dangerous - physiological hazard motorized disasters also mentions unemployment and the general bad attitude of the drivers make up in numbers what they lack in size and agility, like flies personalizations and modifications remove the reverse gear to sell as spare parts bikaneri phut-phut autorustic god's rocket baroques-on-wheels hell's trishaw auto-ethnotic strato-darter road rani

Translated from Urdu by Tahira Naqvi Treats them like property patriarchy and the imagined necessity to control women Use and abuse Not a strong rock Literally domesticates women - complete transformation - cannot raise 'The body' - clear difference between male and female Women and transition Food as a metaphor for psyche of women Emotional eating Exerting rights Greater over wife Sister may do as she pleases - she has a voice, and agency - all women not treated the same Suppression of women with no direct violence shown Exposes injustice Links to follow:  http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/20/11RajakumarQuilt.pdf Ismat Chughtai's story "The Rock" chronicles the transformation of two young, spirited brides into frumpy, docile housewives, each left in turn for younger, more svelte and more spirited women. The irony is that the husband and the female members of his family are responsible for the transformations, the first narrated in detail and th...

Themes: Man up Ideal = docile, submissive, polite (in formative years) but counterproductive as an independent adult Be kind, sensitive, Romantic etc but still get your work done exploring and analyzing gender roles Have an opinion Transformation: From a weakling to a man who does what needs to be done, by himself Role of Boy: (Pothuraju) Spark, inspiration Role of Grandfather: keeps saying "you can't do it" until, in the end, he does do it, and then he's like "I knew he could do it", i.e. " Sabaas " Purushottam means ideal man, but he was not lacked resolve, and decision-making ability

Key words/ phrases: holocaust narrative relocation to the ghetto survival dominating living W.R.T. VISUAL NARRATIVE minimum dialogue - relies on visuals Click here to read synopsis Richard Schickel of TIME Magazine lauds the film, saying, “We admire this film for its harsh objectivity and refusal to seek our tears, our sympathies.” The Pianist is NOT a cookie-cutter tear-jerking holocaust film. It is silencing, shocking, horrifying, quiet, truthful, hopeful, objective and riveting and will permanently alter your notions of people of the Holocaust. This film is an ode to pure chance, as is explained by the tagline of the film, “Music was his passion; Survival was his masterpiece” which fits Wladyslaw Szpilman’s life story perfectly. Just as in a symphony a number of separate runs contribute to a harmony, numerous truly fortunate and random series of events led to his continued survival. Szpilman is not a conventional hero. He is not a knight in shining armor to a...

Themes: Poverty Frustration about poverty Hunger (seen through all the detailing about vadais ) embarrassment * guilt about buying perfectly good human food for a rat * what goes around comes around - Ganesan knows the rat will return - "not the gutter this time... off to the maidan... at least a week..." (page 113) * you miss the inconveniences too, when they're gone * author playing with brevity and conciseness of form while portraying complexity of character * poverty and one's inability to do much about it

QUICK REVISION Themes: fate destiny no control over circumstances finality time everything ends grief end of a relationship trinity Tone Progression: numbness clumsiness, shakiness desperation closure indifference Use of Nature: cold autumn (separation, death) darkness (no hope) * feminist, war, random Soviet perspectives * reference to real-life situation  CONTEXT: (She met a young poet, Nikolay Gumilev , on Christmas Eve 1903, who encouraged her to write and pursued her intensely, making numerous marriage proposals from 1905. At 17 years old, in his journal Sirius, she published her first poem which could be translated asOn his hand are many shiny rings, (1907) signing it "Anna G." She soon became known in St Petersburg's artistic circles, regularly giving public readings. That year, she wrote unenthusiastically to a friend, “He has loved me for three years now, and I believe that it is my fate to be his wife. Whe...

summary (Done on Nov 17) themes: marriage status norms and barriers destiny it's a marriage of convenience they have everything but love ma'am drew parallels to matrimonial ads - or advertisements in general, where both parties have something to offer, exchange In her perspective, she is lucky to even be married, since she has no value as a person in society otherwise. But she's not fortunate as much as she is really, really stupid.

Themes: morals and age inconvenient truths fragile safety in forgotten truth read more "Was doing, to delight us, a comic Dance... " Innocence of childhood - gravity of the situation later understood "Became an altar then, a sunny shrine" Nani's memory sacrificed for some truths "With that question ended Nani. Each truth Ends thus with a query. ..." Truth dies when its credibility is questioned. Also, question remains unanswered - answered, instead, with a question The fact that it is not answered means that the Grandmother has not made peace with it consciousness of speaker differs vastly from that of those (adults, elders) around her Deliberate movement from fact to emotion to philosophical questioning "... It is this designed Deafness that turns mortality into Immortality, the definite into The soft indefinite. ..." Nani the woman of flesh and bone dies, but the idea of Nani remains.

I I am Ganga Snow from the mountains birth in the glacier The keeper of water contains water I am the plains I am the foothills plains and foothills is where it goes Note the commonness that the Ganga brings to the mountains, plains and foothills I carry the wishes of my streams Wishes = prayers; streams -> where it comes from To the sea I am both man and woman No gender to achieve commonness I am paper boats for children entertainment I am habits for the fisherman livelihood I am a cloud for shaven monks mysticism I reflect all movements does not stand for any one particular activity omnipresent I am the bridge unifier, transport I am the fort and the archer protects, like in Narnia Taking aim I am the great dissolver of men two meanings - either it renders all differences obsolete or, it is a morbid reference to the ashes of the dead I give life and I take it too. II I go out into the world I am the world As Ganga runs its course along its t...