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Dominant themes in Emerson's poetry are transcendentalism, experience, detachment, social construct, enlightened self-interest, agency, Nature, ratiocination and change. In the poem, 'I Become a Transparent Eyeball' from his essay, 'Nature', Emerson attempts to encourage detachment. He tells us to always be in the process of 'becoming', for there is no greater glory and pride than in striving. Emerson asks that we live in the 'immediate'. Emerson's ideology with regard to Nature and society was different from the contemporary perspectives - the British in general had a consumerist attitude toward nature in that its bounties and beauties were for mankind's enjoyment, supposedly. Thoreau, Emerson's counterpart believed that man was nothing in the face of Nature, that man will always be humbled by the majesty and simple brute force of Nature. Thoreau was a riot figure - he said that you must give up your claims on society if you dare a...

1.        For as a child sleeps when being nursed, so life slept in the Darkness of the Female Being. - Black Cloud represented Female Being- Female Being was understood as darkness, slumber, dormant nutrition. 2.        Male Being was the Dawn, the Light which Awakens. He was represented by the White Cloud. 3.        The Black World was just the beginning. Life forms of Beings or Substances hadn’t expanded yet. Hence the Black World was small. Furthermore it had no established foundations- its origin itself was uncertain. The idea of the entire Earth as one World was not known to the Navajo storytellers. Hence the basis, structure, forms and source of the first world was uncertain.  It was isolated and disconnected, floating in or shrouded in mist/water. 4.        The pine tree that grew on the floating island that was the First World is suggestive of ...

Walt Whitman’s famous question- what exactly is a thousand acres- began this lecture. Reckoning a thousand acres was likened to exploring American Literature or any literature. What do we do with literature, for instance; contextually, what is America? What is its issue with identity? America is a land or rediscovery and of lies simultaneously. It is imposing and with a multiplicity of terrain (multiplicity means varied and multi-faced; it was diverse and tricky) and at any point in its history the POV of the pilgrims and the motives must be considered. For the Pilgrims, America was a strange and dangerous virgin land. They were migrating, not on holiday. The early settlers had no intention of political or military invasion. There are tales told of the attacks on their covered wagons, by the ‘Indians’ whose superior horses could take them into their paths in the mountains- at a vantage point. The Native Americans were wary of the settlers. They thought the white man dangero...

Context: Struggles of women w.r.t. exploitation From birth, we are never considered our own independent entity, but instead as something to be taken care of, protected, sheltered, and then passed on. In the domestic sphere, women are treated as household articles, and the dependent-provider relationship is ingrained in the female psyche. In rural India, women have internalized the idea that they are less powerful or even inferior so they don't even fight it. In the workplace, sexist stereotypes are very visible - there is a skewed idea of the female species as weak, fragile, aesthetic, servile -  etc. Arraignment of Men - the text Simpler translation- David Fyre Arraignment- court trail Sor Juana- illegitimate child of rich captain; abandoned; taken care of by the Church; saw plight of women who must yield. has rhyme scheme but not rhythmic perverse - immoral schooled to condemn- taught to look down on women. witless laws- laws made by man. stupid because bia...

AMERICAN LITERATURE Native America: continental drift  glaciation (like Ice Age) "Baelin"strait used by people to migrate  DIFFERENCE between settlers occupants colonizers and invaders Settlers: not harmful; may possibly gradually take over; nomadic Occupants: authoritarian, encroach Colonizers: set of people sent by "mother" country to get gold, silk, spices etc. Supposedly outsiders can support the natives in ttheir quest for upward mobility; Romans did it first Invaders: take, loot, leave - like Scandinavians Most info available about Native America is through the Europeans' questionable translations Native America seen as: -pagan -respected women greatly no side-lining -stories would largely depict beliefs about (i) nature of physical world (ii) social order and appropriate behavior (iii) *problem of goood and evil -oral narratives 1 origin/emergence (creation, evolution) 2 historical (ancestors (lifestyle, tales of nomadi...

Hmm, what shall I share with you guys that is useful and will help you in your paper, in 5 hours? Positivity? Oh hell yes! Oh here's a checklist to make sure you've covered everything: (Chapters) About the Victorian Era Darwinism The Lady of Shallot by Alfred Lord Tennyson Dramatic monologue Andrea del Sarto by Robert Browning The Windhover by Gerard Manley Hopkins Inscape and Instress Sprung Rhythm The Darkling Thrush by Thomas Hardy Victorian elements in the same - inept century, no hope, blah blah Easter, 1916 by W.B. Yeats The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Prufrockian Paralysis Modernism Imagism Realism The Question by Adrian Mitchell Hawk Roosting by Ted Hughes Dis Poetry by Benjamin Zephaniah The Dead by James Joyce A Cup of Tea by Katherine Mansfield An excerpt from The State of Funk by D.H. Lawrence Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw Coraline by Neil Gaiman Understanding of Victorian Era from Oliver...

KANNAN Introduction to Indian Civilization Features of Indus Valley Civilization Aryan vs. Dravidian Debate Colonialism Indian Society Indian Caste System Sub-castes in India Culture - Basics Culture - Definitions Multi-cultural and multi-lingual system in India Urban-rural divide Illiteracy Unemployment Gender Inequality Modernization Family setup Globalization vs. Localization Kashmir issue Indo-Pak wars SUPARNA MA'AM http://projectcctvnotes.blogspot.in/2015/01/jou231-economics-part.html Common identifying features of countries - socio-cultural, political, economical Features of an underdeveloped economy Capitalism Communism Socialism Nehruvian Socialism 5-year plans Nationalization License Raj System Stock Market as Barometer of Economy Liberalization Privatization Globalization Alternative to GDP - Quality of Life Crony Capitalism Development NARESH Definition and features of Nation Definition and features of State India: a nat...

Urdu comes from 'Ardu' meaning army Noor- Represents dying Urdu - very secular He does not find liqour sinful portrayal of Urdu as a secular language - not always islamic Noor also did not find poetry religious  1) cohabitation of languages -English narration of a story about Urdu and Hindi -Reaches wider audience, unbiased, neutral - no condescending or patronizing tone; chronicling the death of a language 2) social life of language -Linguicide -Languages do not exist in isolation; must be spoken to live on 3) hero worship -Especially of intellectuals like Noor -Attitudes may be either of awe or utilitarian -This explains his marriage to Begum, the poet and intellectual - earlier his disciple - now his wife and companion 4) title, 'In Custody' -All characters in custody of someone else -languages also change hands (mouths) 5) politics of language -North/South divide - butt of jokes -elite/ordinary - social status http://www.indianrumination...

Urban India is where the communal drama unfolds -> co-survival triggered by secular issues communal violence - political strategy; communal base; minority leaders hatred in public - cordial relations at a personal level - "Animosities are for politics." - tight compartmentalization of political and personal interactions. 250 million semi-modernized, semi-westernized middle classes = new emerging caste, which the BJP has tapped Fear of the "other" - as constructed by fundamentalists - prompts communal violence. Promoted by absence of ideology in politics - their community wants them in power (as with the Dalits or OBCs like Yadavs, Kurmis, Lodhs, and Mayawati or Laloo) NRIs fuel communalism - uprooted persons, who fear a loss of identity Communal politics remains a way of secularizing politics new kind of a political culture - free for all - minimum conformity with the laws Possible questions: Why does Ashis Nandy cite the story of the Muslim old m...

I have no notes, but no worries - this analysis is perfect: http://www.scribd.com/doc/98370314/Short-Story-Analysis-of-The-Prophet-s-Hair-by-Salman-Rushdie