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1. Source Aristotle considered poetry as a product of skill or art, both of which are based on rational and intelligible principles Plato treated poetry as inspired, therefore irrational 2. Imitation Aristotle valued imitation as an enabler of learning. Furthermore since poetry is a representation of things that might happen in human lives, and universal situations of poetry are more philosophical than the particulars of a historical narrative, poetry gives us a more generalized understanding of human nature. Furthermore people delight in accurate imitations and they have cognitive value - they satisfy our natural desire to learn Plato believed that poets have no knowledge of what they imitate and hence their imitations are at a third remove from reality 3. Morally harmful Aristotle believed that poetry and tragedy engages out emotions and is therefore beneficial Plato believed that poetry stimulated emotions that ought to be suppressed

Comparison  - formalism, structuralism, linguistics, 'close reading' Saussure  - hilarious and very useful video New Criticism  - or 'Practical Criticism' Russian Formalism  - overview Phenomenology  - quick definition Narratology  - Google suggested this :') Psychoanalytic criticism  - overview, and  wiki page

Development of English studies: Ignore the confusing order in which this topic is presented in the textbook. Before the pointy UFO's (<^> <^> <^>) is in brief ( pages 11 through 16 ) and after them is in detail ( pages 21 through 35 ). In the beginning (first quarter of 19th century) the study of English was a Church monopoly. The two institutions, Cambridge and Oxford were separate and ran as monasteries, with ordained priests, Anglican communicant students etc, all the way until the 1820's A breakthrough happened in 1826 when a University College was founded for men and women of all religions or none at all - no biggie - that started offering English as a subject in 1828. (This was basically the study of English as a language, using literature only for examples) King's College is the beginning of Literature as we know it. F. D. Maurice, appointed Professor in 1840, laid down some of the principles of liberal humanism (he also believed that literat...

9-10 on 26 Nov, 2015 Narratology: draws from structuralism 1. nothing can be considered in isolation 2. every narrative is made up of units, combined using rules study of narratives - structure, why, mechanisms, procedures, how it makes meaning for you nature of story cultural practice difference between plot and story Narrative: the way in which you describe something, a recounting of events Bordwell: Narrative is a series of events bound by a cause-and-effect relationship, or a causal link Narrator:  anonymous, 1st person, 3rd person, "objective", subjective whoever does the recounting Narratee: to whom the recounting is done Aristotle: first person to give clear picture of narratology according to him, tragedy was superior to other epic forms because of spectacle (out of plot-character-thought-diction-song-spectacle) and because they're self-contained plot is the heart and soul of tragedy: hamartia (tragic flaw - jealousy, pri...

Tue, 5 Jan, 2016 read texts for covert desires and drives that motivate characters his psychological works "inaugurated" psychoanalytic criticism since, creativity and meaning, many artists realized, could be deeply embedded within the psyche, and, say, a painting unsuccessful repression - which means that repressed desires and memories found expression - through dreams, habits etc Freudian slips suggest that the unconscious also requires language - dreams, then, are basically metaphors For example, the Oedipus complex is a way of understanding male sexuality. Furthermore, fear of castration causes him to affiliate with the father (since the father is an un-overcomeable authority figure who establishes the law of kinship) and internalizes social norms. Real-life situation ice cream: id: Grab it ego: No man, we'll get in trouble superego: How about you ask first? Coz that's the right thing to do contribution of Freud was dream analysis (condensation, disp...

transcendentalism dramatic start What is grass child is innocent, ignorant, unaware, excited Speaker, an adult, grown-up, "wise" one, also unaware, unable to answer - "I do not know what it is any more than he" I am like grass Reasons why child approached him:  symbols - handkerchief of the lord disposition, person woven out of hopeful dreams grass is a representation of his own hopes designedly (intentionally) dropped (to convey a message) Divine spirit handkerchief is a reminder of possession - bears owner's name, just as the grass bears the name of God Grass represents divinity, reminds us of divine presence grass is a baby/child/product of a habitat Universal language same for all - broad zones (lawns)(broad-minded), narrow zones (pathways)(narrow-minded), black, white, Indian, rich, poor - universal, hieroglyphic - grass is part of the universal language of god Only in America: Kanucks are French Canadians Tuckahoe is a p...

Gerard Manley Hopkins Glory be to God for dappled things - For skies of couple-color as a brinded cow; For rose-moles all in stipple upon trout that swim; Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches' wings; Landscape plotted and pieced - fold, fallow, and plough; And all trades, their gear and tackle and trim. All things counter, original, spare, strange; Whatever is fickle, freckled (who knows how?) With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him. Er, wha-haaaat?? ehhehehhe Praises God beauty that involves a multiplicity of color  beauty by association poet may have a minor obsession with spotted things:  'Glory be to God for dappled things'  'skies of coupled colors' (blue and white, red and yellow)  spotted (brinded) cows  moles on trout  finches' wings when a chestnut falls, the color inside is golden and shines through landscape - textured, plotted, pieced, fold, fallow, plo...

Characters: 1. Munshi Khairat Ali Khan (Inspector of Sanitation) Goodhearted, well thought of, not the kind to cut pay, scold or fine the hundreds of sweeper women who depends on him 2. Alarakkhi (sweeper woman) Worked hard (was not a shirker, not slovenly or saucy, didn't look bad either) just had bad luck - the Inspector rode by precisely when she'd just sat down or stopped to eat 3. Alarakkhi's sick, unweaned daughter 4. Alarakkhi's helpful husband Huseni Plot: Alarakkhi is thinking about her pay and guessing how much would be deducted this time  considering, due to her daughter's illness, she'd been missed sleep and come in late several times the past month. Her daughter, whom she had brought with her to work, was wailing and she was threatening to hit her with the broom if she didn't stay quiet because the Inspector would be there soon. The inspector arrived on his bicycle instead of his ekka just as she was cursing him. He asks her why she ...

Structuralism claimed to be objective and scientific and that by being systematic, it would yield answers . However there were never any answers. Roland Barthes' 'The Death of the Author' became the turning point in structuralism. Death here is figurative - when the book is complete and published and the author no longer has any control over the book and how it is read and what meanings are drawn from his/her text. "The death of the author is the birth of the reader." Post-structuralism reveals that everything has a centre except for language. A centre is basically the structure, a point of reference - the Sun in the Solar System, Jupiter for all its moons, for instance. Language cannot have a centre. It is fluid and dynamic. This is the reason that one word may have more than one meaning. In structuralism: A specific domain of culture understood through a structure Modelled on language Relates literary texts to a larger structure (a particular genre) E...

things are not understood in isolation units combine with each other based on rules the world is made up of structures, made up of systems, made up of units structuralist analysis - interrelationship of units and rules -  meaning linguistics - a structuralist perspective: literary texts are made up of language, which is made up of words (units) and grammar (rules) 9 Nov 2015 structure is universal; content may differ - ex: Mad Libs Meanings are outside; attributed - human mind structures units and rules to give meaning focus on chickens (structures) not eggs (individual texts/ elements) everything is understood in terms of larger context structure remains constant - universal elements and their interpretations may differ based on sociocultural context no text has inherent, intrinsic meaning; meaning is attributed to it by us deeply rooted in linguistics (the science of language) Ferdinand de Saussure literature is made up of language (language is a signi...